The Carolingian typeface

The Carolingian minuscule typeface, developed during the reign of Charlemagne (8th–9th century), is known for its clarity, uniformity, and legibility. 

Here are its key characteristics: 

1. Readability & Uniformity 

Letters are well-spaced and rounded, making the script easy to read. It introduced clear word separation, which was uncommon in earlier scripts. The script features consistent ascenders and descenders, giving it a balanced appearance. 

2. Standardized Letterforms 

The script follows a lowercase (minuscule) format, unlike earlier scripts that used more uppercase or mixed forms. Uppercase letters (majuscule) were used for capitalization at the beginning of sentences. Uncial and half-uncial influences are seen in its rounded forms. 

3. Influence on Later Scripts 

Carolingian minuscule was the foundation for modern lowercase letters in Latin-based alphabets. The script later evolved into Gothic script in the medieval period and influenced the humanist script of the Renaissance, which led to modern Roman typefaces. 

4. Decorative Elements Manuscripts often featured illuminated capitals at the beginning of paragraphs. Ligatures (joining of letters) were minimal compared to earlier scripts. 

5. Standardization Under Charlemagne Charlemagne, under the guidance of scholars like Alcuin of York, promoted the script as a way to unify writing across his empire. Used widely in monasteries for copying texts, helping preserve Latin literature and religious manuscripts.

(Taken from both Wikipedia and Britannica)